| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| Protectorate | a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a posses-sion of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs |
| American civilwar | civil war in the United States between the North and the South |
| Nationalism | the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other |
| Reactionary | an extreme conservative |
| Satellite | A small state dependent on a larger one |
| Parliament | the lawmaking body of British government consisting of the House of Lords and the House of Commons |
| Monarchy | A government ruled by a supreme power rests with a king, queen or emperor and where such power may be absolute |
| Monotheism | belief in a single God |
| Provisional | A government that holds temporary authority pending the creation of a permanent structure of government |
| Blacklist | List of people or organizations to be avoided. In trade or denied employment because of government policy |
| Aryan | (according to Nazi doctrine) a Caucasian person of Nordic descent (and not a Jew) |
| Armistice | (n.) a temporary peace, halt in fighting before a peace treaty |
| Axis | in World War II the alliance of Germany and Italy in 1936 which later included Japan and other nations against the United States and it's allies |
| Toleration | official recognition of the right of individuals to hold different religious beliefs from those in authority |
| Apartheid | a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites practiced by the Republic of South Africa until 1990 |
| Civil Service | government workers hired and promoted bases on completive examinations and merit |
| Boss | Poetical who controls a political machine and has influence over legislation |
| Zionist | a worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel |
| Hawk | Used to symbolizes war and aggression |
| Pan-American- ism |
the idea that North central and south America should work together to support peace and increase trade |
| Plebiscite | a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance |
| Nonaggression | An agreement in which two nations promise not to go to war with each other. |
| Hersey | a religious belief opposed to the established doctrine |
| Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition intothe modern periods of European history |
| Congress | the legislature of the United States government consisting of the Senate and House of Repsentatives |
| Conference | Meeting of committees from two branches of legislature to settle differences in a bill they have enacted. |
| Annexation | The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit. |
| Checks and Bal- ance |
the system that allows each branch of government, executive,legislative, and judicial to limit the powers of the other branches |
| Appellate | a court that has the power to review appeals and reverse the judgment of a lower court |
| Bloc | group of legislators or nations with a common purpose |
| Nazism | System in Germany that controlled activities of the people, festered a belief in the supremacy of a leader and promoted by the people of Germany |
| Appropriation | money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose |
| Apportionment | Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state |
| Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union |
| Sedition | an illegal action inciting resistance to lawful authority and tending to cause the disruption or overthrow of the government |
| Bipartisan | representing two political parties |
| Sanctions | something that forces obedience with a law or rule |
| Anarchy | a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government) |
| Ballot | the device voters use to register a choice in an election |
| Sharecropper | A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. |
| Charter | During the English colonial times the king whould give certain rights |
| Agression | any warlike act by one county against another without a just cause |
| Center | It could be used as another term for independent |
| Civil liberties | the guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government, including freedom of speech and freedom of religion |
| Civil rights | the rights due to all citizens no matter what color or gender |
| Doctrine | (n.) a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs or principles; a formulation of such beliefs or principles |
| Dove | an emblem of peace |
| Autonomy | self-government, political control |
| Prohibition | a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages |
| Propaganda | information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution,nation, etc. |
| Disarmament | the reduction of armed forces and weapons as a result of a agreement between nations |
| Bourgeosie | the middle class |
| Fair deal | An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition incongress. |
| Empire | A group of states, colones of terriotories joined together under the rule of domenment power |
| Emigration | migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another) |
| Edict | a formal or authoritative proclamation |
| Trusteeship | Commission from the United Nations to a country to look after a region, territory, or colony until the people of that land are believed ready for independence and self-government. |
| Amnesty | a general pardon for an offense against a government; in general, any act of forgiveness or absolution |
| Amendment | a change in, or addition to, a constitution or law |
| Alliance | a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim |
| Allegiance | the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign) |
| Alien | One who owes allegiance to a government or country other then the country in which he or she resides |
| Agency | Bureau that administers a governmental function |
| Administration | Term of office of the excutive branch of government |
| Whig | a supporter of the American Revolution also member of political party that supported limitation of presidential power and opposed the democrates in the US 1836-1856 |
| Values | Soical principals, goals or standards held or accepted by an. Individual, class or society |
| Delegate | a person appointed or elected to represent others and a representative to a convention |
| Medievil | the time period in western European history known as the Middle Ages, it's between the 9th and 15th centuries |
| Manifesto | a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government) |
| Mandate | Authority givien by the league of nations to one nation to administer a territory or geoghrapic area |
| Isolationism | a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs |
| Recipical | Appying by mutal agreement to both parties or countries concerned, as in a trade |
| Puritan | Protisant in 16th and 17th century England and America who sought greater reform in the church of England |
| Convention | Gathering of members or deligates of a political group for a specific purpose, such as choosing a candidate for office |
| Conservative | Person or party resistant to change in government and it's insitutions |
| Commission | Government agency with adminisrative, judical or legislative powers |
| Censure | Reprimand voted by a governmental body of one of it's members or of the government or it's cabinet |
| Caucus | a closed political meeting of party members to decide policy of select canidates for office |
| Self-determination | the right of people to choose their own form of government |
| Cabinet | persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers |
| At-large | official chosen by all the voters of a particular election district |
| Sovereigty | having surpreme authority over a country |
| Reform | a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses |
| Democracy | the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives |
| Dictatorship | form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority |
| Executive | Branch of government charged with administering the laws of a nation |
| Fascism | A system of government characterized by power in the hands of a dictator, suppression of opposition parties and aggressive nationalism - Italy 1922 - 1945 |
| Federal | System of government in which a constitution divides powers between the central government and subdivisions such as states |
| Filibuster | a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches |
| Regime | the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit |
| Registration | the act of enrolling a person in his or her election district to enable that person to vote |
| Regulate | To control or bring under the control of government or a government agency |
| Representive | a person who is elected by the citizens to speak and act for them |
| Republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them |
| Resolution | A formal state of opinion or intention voted by a legislative or other group |
| Review | Reexamination by higher judicial authority of the proceedings or decisions of a lower court |
| Revolution | Complete overthrow,usually force, of an established government or political system |
| Right | Members of a legislative body who hold more conservative views than the other members that which belongs to an individual by law or tradition, such as the right to free speech |
| Self government | the right of people to rule themselves or their representatives |
| Seniority | higher rank than that of others especially by reason of longer service |
| Social security | An act passed in 1935 gave government-payed pensions to American citizens over the age 65 as well as provided help for the unemployed, and dependent persons |
| Speaker | the presiding officer of a law making assembly |
| States | independent political units with territorial boundaries that are internationally recognized by other states |
| Statute | an act passed by a legislative body |
| Subpoena | a court order requiring appearance and/or testimony |
| Subversive | intended to undermine or overthrow the existing government |
| Suffrage | the right to vote in political elections or on political matters |
| Summons | an order to appear in person at a given place and time |
| Supreme court | the highest federal court in the United States who's deci- sions are final and precedence over all other courts |
| Tenure | the term during which some position is held and an indi- viduals right to hold office until retirement or death |
| Testify | to give evidence in court under oath |
| Ticket | a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices |
| Totalitarian | characterized by a government in which the political au- thority exercises absolute and centralized control |
| Treason | Betrayal of one's country or government |
| Treaty | a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries |
| Urban | having to do with cities |
| Veto | the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature) |
| Arbitration | (law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management) |
| Asset | anything of value that is owned |
| Automation | equipment used to achieve automatic control or operation |
| Balance of payment | the difference between the amount of money that comes into a country and the amount that goes out of it |
| Bankruptcy | inability to discharge all your debts as they come due |
| Barter | To exchange goods or services without the use of money |
| Business | Buying and selling of items and services for a profit |
| Budget | a summary of intended expenses along with proposals for how to meet them |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of cap- ital |
| Cartel | a formal organization of businesses that agree to coordi- nate prices and production |
| Caste | a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth |
| Census | a periodic and official count of a country's population required every 10 years in the US |
| Certificate | Document that shows ownership |
| Collective bargaining | negotiation between an employer and labor |
| Commerce | Large scale buying and selling of goods involving trans- portation between areas |
| Commodity | anything that is bougIht or sold in a commercial transaction |
| Communism | Economic system based on ownership of all property by the state and equal distribution of economic goods |
| Compensation | something (such as money) given or received as payment for loss or injury |
| Consumer | a person who uses goods or services |
| Consumer price index | Shows changes in the average prices of goods and ser- vices purchased by consumers over a period of time |
| Contract | a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law |
| Corperation | business owned by stock holders who share profits but are not personnally responsable for debts |
| Cost | value measured by what must be given or done or under- gone to obtain something |
| Craft | the skilled practice of a practical occupation |
| Crash | A sudden decline in market values |
| Credit | Money that an individual is allowed to borrow |
| Creditor | person or institution to whom money is owed |
| Currency | the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used |
| Customs | money collected for taxes |
| Cycle | Sequence of events that occurs and reoccurs in a given order |
| Debt | money or goods or services owed by one person to another |
| Deficit | an excess of liabilities over assets (usually over a certain period) |
| Deflation | Fall in prices brought about by a decrease in spending |
| Demand | The desire and ability to pay for goods and services usually within a given price range and at a given time |
| Depletion | Using up of natural resources such as oil and timber |
| Deposit | a partial payment made at the time of purchase or money put into a bank |
| Depreciation | a decrease in price or value |
| Depression | a long-term economic state characterized by unemploy- ment and low prices and low levels of trade and invest- ment |
| Devaluation | official reduction in the exchange value of a currency by lowering its gold equivalency or its value relative to another currency |
| Discount | the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise |
| Discrimination | unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice |
| Distribution | the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer |
| Economics | the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management |
| Economic system | the method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services |
| Economy | Structure and functioning of a nations economic system |
| entrepreneur | someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it |
| Equilibrium | Market price and which supply equals demand |
| genocide | systematic killing of a racial or cultural group |
| feudalism | the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th Century |
| coup d'etat | a sudden overthrow of the government by force |
| feminism | the movement aimed at equal rights for women |
| bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials that follow given rules |
| coalition | temporary alliance of countries or parties for action to achieve some purpose |
| status quo | the existing political social and economic order |
| reparationl | Paying back; making amends; compensation |
| sectionalism | loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole |
| Liberal | a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties |
| Lobby | a group of people who try actively to influence legislation |
| Machine | a group that controls the activities of a political party |
| Majority | 1. Number of votes for a candidate that is greater than the votes for all the other candidates put together. 2. Party in a legislative body that commands the largest number of votes |
| Minority | Political group that is smaller than the controlling group in a government or legislature and does not have the necessary votes to gain control |
| Investment | Money put into a business or property in the hope of receiving income or earning a profit |
| Labor | productive work (especially physical work done for wages) |
| Levy | to impose or collect taxes for the government |
| Liability | The debt owned to a business or person by another person |
| Lockout | When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached |
| Loss | When you buy something that's costs more then it's actual value |
| Management | those in charge of running a business |
| Margin | Difference between the cost and the selling price of the product. |
| Foreign policy | actions that a nation takes in relation to other nations |
| Freedom | Civil or political liberty |
| Government | (government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed |
| Hearing | (law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence |
| Impeach | To bring charges against a public official for wrong doing prior to possible trial and removal from office if a conviction is obtained |
| Indictment | Formal accusation of someone with the commission of a crime |
| Initiative | Right of a citizen to bring up a matter for legislation |
| Injunction | Court order issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity |
| Judicial | relating to the administration of justice or the function of a judge |
| Jurisdiction | the right and power to interpret and apply the law |
| Law | Bill that has been approved by a legislative body and signed by the chief executive |
| Left | Members of a legislative body who take more radical and liberal political positions than the other members |
| Legislation | law enacted by a legislative body |
| Legislature | a group of people chosen to make laws |
| Excise | a tax on the production, sale or use of goods or services within a country |
| Export | Goods sold by one country to another |
| Extended family | closly related people of several generations such as brother sisters parents uncles aunts grandperent and great grandparents |
| Market | The buying or selling of goods or property |
| Mediation | the use of a third party, called a mediator, who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute |
| Merger | Combination of two or more companies into a single firm |
| Monetary | of or relating to money or currency |
| Money | the official currency issued by a government or national bank |
| Monopoly | (economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller |
| Note | A written statement promising to replay debts |
| Obsolescence | n. The condition or process of a plant or equipment falling into disuse. |
| Output | what is produced in a given time period by a factory or company assembly line |
| Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support |
| Petition | formal request to someone in authority, usually written and signed by a group of people |
| Plank | One of the items in a poltical party or program |
| Platform | a document stating the aims and principles of a political party |
| Plurality | Number of votes by which th winning candidate in an election defeats his or her nearest opponent |
| Poll | 1. Casting a vote on a ballet 2. he counting of votes (as in an election) 3. an inquiry into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random sample of people |
